![]() ![]() Robot Check. Enter the characters you see below. Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies. Atkins' diet revolution; the high calorie way to stay thin forever by Atkins. Dr Atkins Diet Revolution by Robert Atkins, 1972. You Searched For: Author: robert atkins, Keywords: 1972, Title: dr atkins diet revolution.Dr Atkins Diet Download Dr Atkins Diet in pdf, reading online Dr Atkins Diet ebooks, and get kindle books of Dr Atkins Diet Similar ebooks with Dr Atkins Diet : weight loss and good health the atkins way. Dr Atkins Diet Revolution Download Dr Atkins Diet Revolution in pdf, reading online Dr Atkins Diet Revolution ebooks, and get kindle books of Dr Atkins Diet Revolution Similar ebooks with Dr Atkins Diet Revolution. Atkins' diet revolution; the high calorie way to stay thin forever by Atkins. Atkins' Diet Revolution: The High Calorie Way to Stay Thin Forever (1972 Edition) Atkins, Robert C. McKay Co (1972) Used. Dr Atkins New Diet Revolution Download Dr Atkins New Diet Revolution in pdf, reading online Dr Atkins New Diet Revolution ebooks, and get kindle books of Dr Atkins New Diet Revolution Similar ebooks with Dr Atkins. Dr atkins new diet revolution why does the atkins diet work? ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]()
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The Ideal Protein Weight Loss Method is a medically. While losing weight too fast may prove to be risky, there are diet plans that. Dietitian, Juliette Kellow with weight loss tips and advice specially for men. Do you know of anyone who got the same results if they had a lot less weight to lose, i.e someone who has put on 2-3kg but who would not be classed as overweight. ![]() Quick Weight Loss - Fasting is The Ultimate Fat Burner. Fasting. can put you on the pathway to quick weight loss like nothing else on. I would implore you to set aside everything. And it doesn't have. In just 1. 4 days of water. But even if you are only 1. Fasting. little as SEVEN days can take as many as TWENTY. Then. you can work at staying free of junk and adopting permanent. The equation I am presenting is simple and. Get rid of excess weight quickly through fasting, THEN. In my opinion, there is nothing more powerful. All you have to do is MAKE. UP YOUR MIND and take action. It's like the cigarette. As long as this person keeps smoking, he or she will never be. Well. sometimes it is like that with food. If you have eaten poorly for a. Water and juice fasting are powerful ways to. And. you get to lose massive amounts of weight in a short period of time. Look, it's about giving. When you work a long week .. Do you want to work the. Or. do you want to rest? Day in, day out. .. And it has to do it 2. WITHOUT REST OR CONSIDERATION. If. an employer treated us that way, we'd probably go on strike! I've heard of. people who have lost as much as. These numbers, however, are not the norm. One- to- two pounds. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() MedShape Weight Loss Clinic, LLC is a proven national leader in weight loss. MedShape Weight Loss Clinic Programs are designed for a rapid, safe weight loss with. My 4 day Weight Loss Program will show you how to Lose Weight Fast in 4 Days! The best weight loss plan for Fast Weight Loss. Still, to see all of that weight. On days three and four, the. After seven days. Natural Weight Loss of approximately one- to- two- pounds. In other words, after your body completes the initial heavy detox, usually in nine- to- eleven days. One pound per day is by far the most common, based on my. My results substantiate the 'one- pound- per- day' average. Some, however. continue to experience accelerated weight loss all the way through. My friend Jim, for example. The only way for you to. ![]() I completed a 1. 00- day. A lady that I coached a few years ago, on the other hand, finished a 6. In a very unusual case, an obese man that I met. Believe it or not, he lost 1. These figures, as I said, are averages: your weight. Now. honestly: WHERE ELSE CAN ONE. ATTAIN THESE TYPES OF QUICK WEIGHT LOSS NUMBERS? I would venture to say that NOTHING. Light Exercise. A good. When I say light, I MEAN light. The exercise should be comfortable and easy. DO NOT. have a hard workout while you are fasting. A nice 3. 0- minute stroll, swim. If you. fasting for more than seven days, pay attention to your daily quick. Like I said. the average is one- to- two pounds daily. There are a fortunate few who lose as much as three. Divide the amount of weight you lost by seven. Then. stroll or swim for the following seven days and weigh yourself again. You will. be very pleasantly surprised to see that you will have lost as much as. ![]() WITHOUT exercise. The best way to approach quick weight. SLOW AND. STEADY. Let your body burn the fat at its own. Decision. I can. entire journal about the quick weight loss benefits of fasting, but. YOU. make the decision to try it for yourself. You can do nothing and. As you. things in life require sacrifice and discomfort. I can't think of. YOUR OWN. HEALTH! Don't let your mind trap you into thinking that . Based on a twisted. I am weak or . Please do not. You DO. have the power. You have the power of DECISION. YES- you ARE. going to give it your all. You are NOT. going to stop until you lose every last ounce of excess weight off of. There. are no . What we DO have is the. It has to come to the point where being lean. How Much Weight Can You Lose In A Week?? Extreme weight loss diets can definitely work, but only for a short period of time. In fact, you can lose up to 1. Now onto the awesome news: ALL THAT WEIGHT YOU LOSE WILL BE WATER AND FAT, NOT MUSCLEYup, you read that correctly, if you follow the methods at the end of this post, all the weight you lose during the week will be pure body fat. The conventional statement that losing more than 2 pounds per week leads to muscle, organ, and hair loss is absolute unicorn shit. How do I know this? Because some awesome scientists from the American College Of Nutrition back in 1. One group only did traditional cardio, while the other group only did weight training. Both groups ate 8. At the end of the study, both groups lost large amounts of weight, but the one that only did cardio lost large amounts of lean muscle mass, and the one that only did weight training didn’t lose any muscle mass at all. So there you go, some hard hitting scientific facts that prove that you will not lose muscle during extreme dieting as long as you lift weights. Note: And if you don’t have a gym membership or if you don’t have access to any weights, then doing a well- designed bodyweight program like Bodyweight Burn is your next best option.
![]() And lastly, the bad news: YOU HAVE TO EAT VERY VERY LOW CALORIESSo yeah. I’m talking along the lines of 8. The amount that would make any nutritionist hang themselves. And now, onto the plan, but first, a picture of steaks: I didn’t want to put a boring picture of a scale, so here’s some delicious steaks. I’m guessing this isn’t the best article to put this picture in. The 2 step plan to lose the maximum amount of weight in a week. Please note that the following plan can be used by both men and woman. And don’t do this plan if you’re under 1. If you want to lose 10 pounds in 2 weeks. However, there are many factors that go into weight loss. If you want to lose 10 pounds in 2 weeks. You most certainly can and will lose weight by juicing. The weight you lose will depend on how long you. Most people lose a lot of weight within the first two weeks. I know how tempting diet crazes can sound, especially if you have a lot of weight to lose. You hear about stars who did it and look incredible. How much weight can you lose in 2-3 weeks? I was able to go from 135 to 125 in about two weeks without fasting. Forums and Community. I guarantee that if you follow the plan below, you will lose 1. For one week only, eat 8. Workout 2- 3 times per week with weights. Make sure the weights are heavy and be sure to hit all body parts. That’s all. Some notes/tips about the above 2 steps: 8. Because of this, I suggest that you only eat 1 meal per day a la Brad Pilon’s Eat Stop Eat. If you eat one 8. Yes, this means that you will be fasting 2. Just remember, you will be burning fat, not muscle. Whenever possible, eat higher protein and eat foods with high water content such as fruits and soups. Also, drink lots of coffee and green tea, since they both tend to blunt hunger quite well. Stick with heavy compound exercises when in the gym. That means no curling and crunching, and if you even step foot on a treadmill, my dumbass radar will go off and I may have to kill you. Above all, keep yourself distracted and out of the kitchen. If you’re constantly prancing around the kitchen and thinking about food, you’re going to fail. So keep yourself busy. Read a book, play some video games, take a nap, work on. Just do something that doesn’t involve food. In fact, the majority of your calories should probably come from protein, fruits, and veggies if you want this diet to be effective. The protein will help keep you full but more importantly also help maintain muslc. Remember, this is only for one week. I just wanted remind you all, that this sort of extreme weight loss plan is only a temporary plan. The results don’t have to be temporary, but the plan is. Please do not try and do this weight loss plan for more than a week. Doing so is really going to mess with your head and you’ll most likely binge back to your original weight. After one week, transition to a more moderate weight loss plan for the long haul. I hope you guys now know the answer to “How much weight can you lose in a week?”Take it to the next level with the Xtreme Fat Loss Diet. Many people have been asking me, “Can I do this for more than 7 days?”And the answer is no. The way I laid out the diet above at 8. But there is a more strategic approach you can take where you can go and lose a ridiculous amount of fat in 2. The program is called the Xtreme Fat Loss Diet, created by fat loss experts Dan Long and Shaun Hadsall. It’s essentially a much more fleshed out version of the plan I laid out above that will allow you to lose MASSIVE amounts of fat and get as lean as possible in just 2. Let me know down below. Too often people cut vital nutrients out of their everyday diets in an. Too often people cut vital nutrients out of their everyday diets in an attempt to shed weight quickly that, eventually, may only end in health complications. It is crucial to remember that while dieting you are not advised to cut out whole food groups as you may be missing out on these vital nutrients. It is recommended by the NHS that you should only aim to lose 1- 2lb a week. When you are dieting it is tempting to try and lose weight as quickly as possible, however quick weight loss means you are in fact less likely to maintain a healthy weight in the months to come and you may be putting your health at risk. ![]() It has become a major talking point; with its
â Secret Diet Drops require a very strict very low calorie diet to accompany their intake.
Breakfast consists of a cup of tea or coffee without sugar and with no more than one tablespoon of milk, then comes lunch â one protein and one vegetable with a choice from a short list of options including fresh white fish, turkey, carrots and mushrooms. You are also permitted to have two fruit snacks per day. Along with this low calorie diet, you are required to take 1. Secret Diet Drops on both loading and diet days, three times a day and weigh yourself each day, recording the result. Green vegetables such as cabbage are high in fibre, contain literally no calories, and turn off the hunger signals to your brain. Protein is great for your body because it provides you with vital nutrients and in a small amount of food and calories because it works as an appetite suppressant. Because your food intake is decreased so dramatically, the body is forced to use pre- stored fat meaning that you lose more weight. For information on foods that act as appetite suppressants, we recommend you read our It suggests that such a diet should only be undertaken for a period of 1. This plan also helps you to identify bad habits and banish overeating whilst you detox your body from all of the high carb, sugary and fatty foods you may normally be consuming. It is also recommended that they undergo a full medical review before they begin a VLCD to assess any medical conditions or to discover any undiagnosed conditions. It is crucial to maintain a steady state of weight loss as your BMI decreases. The rate of weight loss can be high in the first 2 to 3 weeks due to the associated water loss, but after this, it should begin to steady. However, it is important to remember that any medical conditions or medication may still make a VLCD plan unsuitable for some people. Nor is it recommended for children under the age of 1. Diet Drops To Lose Weight reveals underground fat-burning secrets of elite body. Online Diet Menu Planner; Best Vegan Meal Plan For. Activ8 X was launched over 5 years ago and we. Straight forward and easy diet plan to. A whole-food, plant-based diet is not vegan. Kim Kardashian's Nutritionist Just Shared Her Top Dieting Secrets. If you have high blood pressure, it is extremely important that you follow your GPâs advice while considering starting on a VLCD plan. You must visit them regularly so that they can monitor your blood pressure. Once you have started on your plan you may see a drop in blood pressure as this issue is often linked with being overweight. The Secret Diet Drops
VLCDs can cause rapid weight loss that puts a lot of strain on your body. It can put stress on vital organs and also result in gallstones, heart problems, anaemia and tiredness. In many cases, they do not cause any symptoms, however they may become stuck in an opening or channel within you, or move from the gallbladder into a different part of the body causing irritation and inflammation. This could leave you with several symptoms such as sudden intense cramping or pain in your abdomen, vomiting and nausea. Some overweight people may already suffer from gallstones but may not be aware of this until they begin a VLCD plan as it can often aggravate the stones until they become apparent. It is believed that weight loss causes a shift in the balance of bile salts and cholesterol in the gall bladder. Having extended periods of time where you go without eating can decrease the gallbladderâs contractions and if the gall bladder does not contract often enough to empty out the bile, gallstones may form or pre- existing ones may become irritated. VLCDs can also lead to a significant loss in muscle, especially in women, as they usually do not contain enough protein to preserve muscles. This can result in discomfort, lots of pain and weakness and is considered a very dangerous side effect. Of course, it is not only the physical side effects that you must be aware of before starting on a VLCD but also the psychological ones too. Firstly, as it has already been stated, a VLCD plan can cause mood swings and make you feel drained due to the change in nutrients your body is receiving â A lack of omega- 3 EFAs seen in a VLCD plan can adversely affect mental function. It is very important that you make regular visits to your doctor while using a VLCD to not only check on your physical shape but also on your mental state as these diets can sometimes prove too much for some people and can leave them feeling stressed or depressed. If you feel like you cannot stop the diet plan after 1. GP who can offer help in you returning to a healthy diet. Water makes up to 7. Drinking water will not only rehydrate your body but also help to reduce the amount of side effects of your diet plan, for example any constipation, headaches, dizziness, aching muscles or fatigue that may arise. Secret Diet Drops stress that it is important to drink at least 6- 8 pints of still water a day to keep your body hydrated and fight off any signs of these side effects. Recipes such as grilled lobster and tomato and chicken wraps with applesauce show that it is possible to live healthily off a VLCD. There are many foods, especially fruit and vegetables, which have the same or even lower calorific values than those listed yet have been found to . Potassium levels can also affect your heart muscle and it is crucial that you must not put any unnecessary strain on your heart, especially while undergoing a VLCD plan. There are many health complications that come hand in hand with this extreme method of losing weight, some common for example headaches and fatigue and some more serious such as gallstones, heart problems, muscle loss and depression. Secret Diet Drops diet plan asks you to live off an amount of calories way below your guideline daily amount, making it a VLCD with all of these dangers as part of the risk. So ask yourself, is it a risk worth taking? For more information about Secret Diet Drops, we recommend you read our Many foods contain carbohydrates but that doesn't mean they will make your Candida worse. Non-starchy vegetables, yogurt and kefir are good examples. 6 Appetising Candida Diet Desserts. Candida Diet Yogurt Recipe Candida Protocol Jack New with Pictures Of Fungal Infection Under Breast and Black Fungus Or Mold Infection In Wound discover facts and. Candida Diet Yogurt Recipe Candida Spreading with Candida Rhizoids In Stool and Candida Free Chili Recipe discover facts and information about yeast infection or. Candida Diet Yogurt Recipe Candida Rash From Alcohol Abuse with Yeast In Vaginal Wet Prep Picture and Topical Vaginal Yeast Infection Home Remedies discover facts and. The best recipes for the Candida Diet. Gluten-free, Candida Diet recipes for breakfast, snacks, chicken dinners, vegetarian dishes, breads, and more! ![]() ![]() Candida Recipes: Lunch & Dinner. Breakfast Snacks Desserts Drinks Diet Tips. Here are some tasty lunch and dinner recipes that you can prepare on your Candida diet. Find and save ideas about Candida diet recipes on Pinterest, the world's catalog of ideas. Candida Diet Recipes for Natural Candida Treatment. What is the Candida Diet? This sugar- free diet does not include fruit and starchy vegetables. What is candida? Candida is an overgrowth of yeast in the body. ![]() Since yeast feeds on sugar, the Candida Diet is a sugar- free diet. Stick with animal protein such as fish, chicken, and meat. Eat lots of healthy green vegetables. To mix it up, try my gluten- free, grain- free Candida Diet bread recipes. Made with almond flour, coconut flour, and flax meal these ingredients are low- carb and perfect for Candida Diet baking. Below you will find my easy, healthy Candida Diet recipes for breakfast, snacks, chicken dinners, vegetarian dishes, candida- friendly bread recipes, and more! I also have many Body Ecology recipes for you. A low- carb, sugar- free diet is now considered avant- garde treatment for cancer, given that many types of tumor cells are glucose dependent. You’ll love my Candida Diet recipes because they’re gluten- free, sugar- free, and easy to make! Candida- Diet Recipes - Whole Intentions. Begin a healthy lifestyle with A Beginner's Guide to Eating Clean. Created with the busy mom in mind, this guide is ready to implement the moment you receive it! Your information is 1. Yes, a Low- Carb Diet Greatly Lowers Your Insulin. Less carbs, less insulin. Is “eat less and run more” really the only thing you need to know in order to lose weight? ![]() ![]() Insulin and weight gain: Keep the pounds off. Insulin and weight gain often go hand in hand, but weight control is possible. If you need insulin therapy. Why is it then that most people lose weight on a LCHF diet, even when eating until satisfied? And this without even any increase in exercise? To think that this should be so controversial! The best explanation, in a simplified version, looks like this: Carbohydrates – > insulin – > obesity. Thus more carbohydrates lead to more insulin which leads to more fat accumulation. With more details this can be written as follows: Too many (bad) carbohydrates – > pathologically high insulin levels – > obesity. What constitutes “too many” varies from person to person depending on sensitivity and activity level (how much carbs you burn). Intensely exercising young men can often tolerate a fair amount of carbs, while heavily overweight older diabetics can only tolerate minimal amounts without problems. The opposite is the following: Less carbs – > lower insulin levels – > loss of excess fat. Insulin is a fat storing hormone. And the easiest way to increase your insulin levels is to eat more carbohydrates. The easiest way to lower insulin levels is to eat fewer carbohydrates. Are Your Weight Issues Tied to Insulin. Multiple diet regimes, exercise programs, lose-weight. Losing Weight Weight Loss Insulin Resistance Weight. Eating certain foods can help you lose weight and reverse insulin resistance. Discover helpful and healthy diet tips for managing insulin resistance. Diet Strategies for Women with Diabetes. Virtually all doctors agree that elevated insulin resistance is very bad for human health, being the root cause of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. How to Lose Weight by Controlling Insulin. Insulin is a natural hormone that's secreted from your pancreas in response to the intake of carbohydrates. How to Reduce Insulin for Weight Loss. Get the latest tips on diet, exercise and healthy living. Is this the reason you? The best diet long term to support weight loss with insulin resistance is. Sample insulin resistance. This seems very straight forward. But some are still adamant opponents. Without being able to come up with any better explanation as to why a low- carbohydrate diet works (it does) they still don’t want to accept this explanation. They come up with all kinds of objections. Some don’t even want to recognize the most basic, that carbohydrates increase insulin levels or that a low- carb diet lowers insulin levels. Their complicated objections don’t matter much in reality. The truth is clear in study after study on humans. Insulin levels are much higher when you eat a lot of carbohydrates and lower on a low- carb diet. The figure above (from Boden et al.) is one example. Here are some more: Much Lower Insulin Levels on a Low- Carbohydrate Diet. Figure from Noakes et al. Figure from Hernandez et al. Lower Insulin, Lower Insulin, Much Lower Insulin. Does a low- carbohydrate diet lower insulin? There is only one answer: Yes, insulin levels decrease greatly throughout the entire day. When you have diabetes, being overweight or obese increases your risk for complications. Losing just a few pounds through exercise and eating well can. Weight loss Diet and exercise can help to reverse prediabetes. Explore Exercise, Insulin and Weight Loss. Diabetes and Weight Loss. One could only wish that the insulin deniers could at least accept something this basic. Previously. The #1 Cause of Obesity: Insulin. It’s the insulin, stupid! LCHF for Beginners. How to Lose Weight. P. S. Even fasting insulin levels have been shown to be lower on a low- carb diet (for example: Samaha et al., Volek et al.). ![]() ADW: Pontoporia blainvillei: INFORMATIONGeographic Range. Franciscana dolphins, Pontoporia blainvillei, are endemic to the west coast of Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. They range from Itaunas, Espirito Santo, Brazil to Golfo Nuevi, Peninsula Valdes, Argentina. They are also found in estuaries, such as the La Plata River and Babitonga Bay. There are distinct gaps in their distribution between Ubatub and Macae and also between Barra de Itabapoana and Regencia. Franciscana dolphins may have a seasonal distribution in Babitonga Bay, where dolphins are found farther from the coast in winter. There are north and south genetic stocks of dolphins with a geographical boundary at Mostardas. Turner Gas Company is one of the largest independent transporters and fastest growing marketers focused on Natural Gas Liquids and Crude in the Bakken. Marine mammals that live in the ocean Account for a variety of dolphin species. Table of Contents Oceanic Dolphins (and various species) River. Do you want to change our store to this store? No, don't change Yes, change to this store Default Header sw l st l csz l Lefty sw r st r csz. Harrington Investments has been a leader in Socially Responsible Investing and Shareholder Advocacy since 1982. Harrington has believed what people invest in. Along the coast of Argentina, they occupy waters closer to the shore in spring and summer and farther from shore during winter. In other areas, populations do not move seasonally from the coast, most likely because water temperature remains fairly constant. Preferred habitat is influenced by the tides. Franciscana dolphins favor water depths from 6 to 3. They have a small melon and epicranial complex with a very symmetrical facial skull. Females are 8. 0 to 1. Growth rates of franciscana dolphins are some of the largest in the order Cetacea, with females growing faster than males. The dorsal side can be brown to gray in color and the ventral is lighter in color. This coloration is thought to be cryptic, as the countershading could be an antipredator strategy. ![]() ![]() ![]() Get information about this critically endangered dolphin.The anterior teeth of franciscana are longer than posterior teeth. Some individuals have teeth that are twisted at the crown, though the function of these teeth is unknown. Franciscana dolphins have approximately 5. The small testis weight relative to body size suggests that sperm competition is unlikely in this species. Strong male- male competition for females is also unlikely based on the reversed sexual dimorphism (females are larger than males), and males are rarely scarred by conspecifics. It has been suggested that Franciscana are monogamous. Mating occurs from May to August, though the population in Rio de Janeiro mates year round. Most females calve all year. In some populations, however, the birth period ranges from November to March. Female franciscana dolphins have one calf per year with approximately 1. They have 4 to 8 offspring in their lifetime. Gestation lasts 1. Calves are weaned at 8 to 9 months of age (about 1. Cetaceans. Males reach maturity at about 2 to 3. Size and age of maturity varies by region, particularly between northern and southern populations. Females feed their offspring milk produced from lipids stored in their blubber. The milk changes composition depending on season; in winter, milk contains more fat then in the summer. Calves are weaned at 8 to 9 months of age. Caves go through three stages with their mother. In the first stage, calves suckle and ingest only milk. At this stage, calves are 5. In the second or transition stage, calves still nurse but begin to eat solid food, usually shrimp. Calves at this stage are 7. In the weaning stage, calves transitions to only solid food and average 1. Although calves differ in size, weight and diet in the transition and weaning stages, there are no physiological differences. There have been two reports of epimeletic (nurturant) behavior in franciscana dolphins. Teeth marks from adult dolphins were found on dead calves that had been caught in fishing nets. This could be a form of nurturant behavior in which the mother attempts to save her calf from drowning in the net. The maximum known age of males is 1. Because of incidental mortality caused by by- catch in gill- nets, only a small percent of the population lives more than 1. The social structure may be matriarchal, and these dolphins may travel in kin groups. They likely form groups during the mating season and/or during the winter when decreases in food abundance may lead to cooperative foraging. Kin grouping could be a form of male mate guarding, which is beneficial to small populations when successful parents remain together. It is not known if this behavior truly occurs, although males and females have been observed traveling together. Franciscana dolphins spend more time foraging during high tide and traveling during low tide. They exhibit a type of cooperative feeding in which a group of dolphins moves in a circle around a school of fish. Franciscana dolphins average a swimming speed of 0. Ventilation rate decreases with swimming and diving speed. Franciscana dolphin move in a variety of ways, including milling, diving, swimming in a set direction, and erratic patterns with abrupt changes in direction or speed. They may regularly visit areas within their home range where they have successfully found fish in the past. They echolocate in a similar manner as harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Franciscana dolphins produce high- frequency clicks at 1. Hz that are narrow banded at 2. Hz. These ultrasonic signals are generated through the upper nasal passages and are received by the lower jaw, tympanic bone and the ear ossicles. It is unknown if echolocation is involved in communication of this species; however, it is plausible, as closely related species do so. These mammals eat fish about 1. Because the oral apparatus and digestive tract of Franciscana dolphins are small, they are limited in the size of the prey they can ingest. Squids, which contain a high water content, are easier to digest than many other marine species. Franciscana dolphins also exploit other pelagic and demersal species, including teleosts (Stellifer spp., Anchoa filifers, Pellona harroweri and Isoisthus parvipinnis), cephalopods (Loligo sanpaulensis and Loligo plei) and sometimes crustaceans (Artemesia longinaris and Xyphopenaeus kroyeri). Franciscana dolphins have also been known to eat Cynoscion guatucupa, Trichiurus lepturus, Macrodon ancylodon, Umbrina canosai, Micropogonias furnieri, and Urophycis brasiliensis. There is large variation in diet among coastal populations of this species. Calves primarily feed on Neomysis americana, a species of shrimp not commonly exploited by adults. Many speices of sharks also prey on Franciscana dolphins, including tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier, Carcharias taurus), sevengill sharks (Notorynchus cepedianus), hammerheads (Sphyrna) and requiem sharks (Carcharinus). Sharks likely attack from beneath the dolphin, where they cannot be visual spotted or sensed by echolocation. No antipredator behaviours have been reported, but it is thought that countershading helps this species elude predators. Barnacles, like Xenobalanus globicipitis, occasionally attach to these dolphins. Thus there do not appear to be negative impacts of this species on humans. Population growth is 2% per year, which is not enough to compensate for the upwards of 5. Mortality is primarily due to humans. Although this species is not directly exploited in Latin America, franciscana dolphins are caught in gill- nets as by- catch where they may drown or be eaten by sharks. Gill nets have more of an impact when placed closer to both the coast and the surface of the water, and catches are biased towards young franciscana dolphins and individuals with a particular haplotype. Additionally, franciscana dolphins may ingest plastics and discarded fishing gear, or accumulate high amounts of heavy metals and PCBs. Because of their high trophic level, this species is particularly susceptible to pollution. Four different franicscana dolphin management areas (FMA) have been proposed to protect the greatest amount of genetic diversity. FMA I is Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo states, Brazil, FMA II is Sao Paula to Santa Catarina states, Brazil, FMA III is Rio Grande do Sul Brazil and Uruguay, and FMA IV is Argentina. A variety of strategies to limit gill net by- catch have been suggested and/or implemented, including limiting net length, number of boats, and replacing fishing gear with dolphin friendly equipment. It is unknown why franciscana dolphins are caught in nets; they may be unable to detect the net or the net may not be perceived as a possible threat. To help dolphins detect the nets, alarms (pingers) were attached, which decreased dolphin mortality rate. However, the alarms also increased predation of captured fish by sea lions. Another problem with long term use of this system is the possibility that the dolphins may become habituated to the alarms. There are two distinct genetic stocks, one north and one south, and it has been suggested that these populations should be further taxonomically subdivided. This genetic split is due to ecological forces rather than a geographic barrier separating gene flow. Franciscana dolphins have the ability to detoxify their blood and store heavy metals in non- toxic forms. The mechanism that allows these dolphins to hold high amounts of mercury involve the demethlyization of mercury in the liver which turns it into mercuric selenide (non toxic and inert). They also have mechanisms that allow them to use selenium (heavy metal) and metallothioneins to detoxify the other heavy metals, such as arsenic and cadmium. References. Abud, C., P. By- catch of franciscana Pontoporia blainvillei in Uruguayan artisanal gillnet fisheries: an evaluation after a twelve- year gap in data collection. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals, 7(1- 2): 1. Specialized sound reception in dolphins—a hint for the function of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in mammals. Historical biology, 1. Reducing incidental mortality of franciscana dolphin Pontoporia blainvillei with acoustic warning devices attached to fishing nets. Marine Mammal Science, 1. Parasites of franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) from Sao Paulo and Parana states, Brazil. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals, 1(1): 1. Habitat use patterns of franciscana dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei) off southern Brazil in relation to water depth. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 8. Feeding ecology of the franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) in marine and estuarine waters of Argentina. Giant Otter Facts, Habitat, Diet, Life Cycle, Baby, Pictures. The Giant Otter is a species of large- size endangered otters from South America. At around 6 feet in length, this amphibian is the world’s largest species of otters. It is a member of the Mustelid family that also includes weasels, skunks and ferrets, all of which have strong scent glands. This is the most recognizable otter by length, except the sea otter that weighs somewhat more than this species. There are also large creamy- white patches under the long necks of the otters. Eyes: Brownish almond- shaped eyes like most of the other species of otters. Nose: Large nostrils, blunt, sloping muzzle, with a few tufts of whiskers. Tail: The tail is very strong, ventrally flattened and is wing- like. Feet: The feet of these creatures are webbed, very much like most of the other members of the otter family. Lifespan. The life expectancy of the giant otter is normally around 1. In a zoo setup, or in captivity, they can live for up to 2. Giant Otter Photos. Distribution. The giant otters are naturally endemic to South America (except Chile). They are widely spread across the east of the Andes mountain chain. These mammals are seen within Amazon, Orinoco, and the river systems of La Plata. However, at present, they have practically (or completely) disappeared from Uruguay and Argentina, and exceptionally rare in Paraguay, the regions where they were common in the past. Habitat: Where do Giant Otters live. The amphibians are mostly found in slow- moving streams and rivers, in the swamps, marshes, and lakes. They also inhabit the flooded forests especially during the monsoon rains. They prefer non- floodable banks with ample amount of natural vegetation that give them easy access to hunting since such areas have ample amount of preys in the relatively shallow waters. Giant Otter Habitat. Classification of Species. Two know subspecies of the giant otter has been isolated: Pteronura brasiliensis brasiliensis. Pteronura brasiliensis paraguensis. Evolution: Giant Vs. Sea and River Otters. Out of the four members of the . However, in spite of the overlap of habitat, researchers opine that, the Giant Otters have evolved independently from the sea and the river otters in the continent of South America. In this context, it must also be mentioned that, the the giant river otter fossils have been found in Midwest US, which dates back to 3. Behavior. The Giant Otters are gregarious and live in groups of 3- 1. These large otters are extremely social animals. Each of these holts live within their own territory. The territories would never coincide or overlap with territories that belong to the other groups. They live in family groups that include otters of all types and ages including females, males, parents and their babies, or other young otters. The siblings that are older would even . Both the females and the males would scent- mark their territories, since all members of the otter family have strong scent glands. These members would often use communal latrines where they would smudge their urines and feces into the earth with their paws for advertising their area or territory. These amphibians are diurnal, which means, they are active during daytime. While marking their territory, they usually clean up the areas by clearing the shrubs and plants along the river banks and lake sides, where they would sit resting, basking, and grooming themselves. They catch prey mainly in the waters and would immediately start eating after the prey is caught. While eating, they hold the prey with the paws of the forelimbs. Giant Otter Pictures. Giant River Otter. Sounds. The Giant otters are noisy creatures with a complex repertory of vocalizations. Till now, nine distinct sounds have been identified including quick barks like . They emit snorts when in danger. It also suggests something related to its immediate interest. Soft growls are signals of warning or forthcoming aggression. Newborn pups emit squeaks to gain attention, while the older otters would wail and whine during group activities. Diet: What Do Giant Otters Eat. As one of the largest predators in the region, these animals have a large choice of foods in their diet list consisting of a wide variety of animals to feed on. This mainly consists of fishes like characins like piranhas, as also all types of catfish, but also crabs, small caiman alligators and snakes, including anaconda. Giant Otter Eating Alligator. Reproduction and Life Cycle. These mammals are monogamous. Unlike most other species of otters, amongst the giant otters that live in the wild, the breeding pairs make strong bonds between each other. Interestingly, the fairer sex dominates the pair. Each family is made of one single breeding pair while their older offspring would help their parents bring up their younger siblings. The young giant otters are born between August and October after their mother completes the gestation period of 6. The litter size of these large otters is anything between 1 and 5. In each of the groups, only one female otter, the dominant female, gives birth to the young ones, which the entire holt helps taking care of, and not just the father. Giant Otter Babies. After birth, the juveniles spend the initial two months with their mother inside the den. As the adult otters move out in search for food, the bigger brothers and sisters take care of their younger siblings. However, when there is a necessity to change dens, the mature otters would carry the babies by the neck fur. As they gradually develop, the otter babies would set out with the adults to learn to travel out of their dwelling caves, and even learn to hunt by participating with the adults in the act of hunting. The babies mostly feast upon fishes, as also depend on their mother. The otters are capable of mating and reproduction when they are around 2 to 3 years old. It is then that they finally leave the group in search of a mate and an unoccupied territory, which are indeed tough to find. If these new otters find a mate and a place to establish a territory, they would make their own holt, but if they would fail, they would often return back to their old group. Baby Giant Otter. Adaptations. The giant otters are able to swim propelling themselves using their powerful tails and flexing their long bodies. They also have webbed feet assisting them to swim steadily under water. Their fur is water- repellent, helping them to keep themselves warm and dry and warm. These water- loving mammals have ears and nostrils, which they can close while swimming underwater. An amazing thing about their whiskers, which are called . However, young pups are more susceptible to such threats. Though, at times, fishes like electric eels, groups of piranhas and stingrays can also prove to be fatal. Conservation Status. The Giant Otter is threatened, and the IUCN 3. |
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